Some Key Terms- The Internet and Web Design

1. Define the term- Protocol
Protocol is an agreed upon format for transmitting data between two devices. There are 4 things the protocol "determines", such as :
- what type of error which is checking to be used.
- the data compression method, if there is such.
-how the sending device gives an indication that it has already finished sending a message.
-how the receiving device will indicate that it has already recieved a message.
What are the following protocols used for?
-TCP/IP,http,smtp,FTP
*TCP- Is a protocol used for communication between computers.
*http- This is a protocol used for receiving as well as transmitting files,
*smtp- Stands for simple mail transmit protocol, its a protocol used for sending email messages.
*FTP- File Transfer Protocol, This is a communication protocol which commands the transfer of files from one computer to another via a network.
3. GUI stands for graphical user interface.. Before the GUI, the PARC User Interface was used.
4. Two methods of data transmission- serial and parallel.
Serial transmissions only use 2 wires for transmitting and receiving data, 1 wire for sending or receiving and even though data is going in one direction, the data is sent bit-by-bit.
As for...
A Parallel transmission uses a number of wires for data transmission. It is also much faster than serial and therefore 8 or even more wires are carrying data (which are parallel to each other)to its destination. The data is moved 'multi-bits' at a time.
5. Define the term “URL”. Explain the components that make up the URL.
URL is an internet address.It stands for Uniform Resource Locator
The components which make it up are:
-access protocol(http)
-domain name(www.blogger.com)
-(if wanted)path to a file or resource "residing" on that particular server(trade)
6.In the context of data transmission, what is “error detection”?
An error detection refers to a "class of techniques" which are able to detect garbles messages.
7.Name and explain one common method of error detection.
One of the methods of error detection is:
Checksum
It is one of the easiest error detections schemes where each message that gets transmitted is accompanied by a numerical value which is based on the number of 'set bits' in the message. The so called 'receiving station uses the same formula and applies it to the message to see whether or not the numerical value matches. If the numerical value does not, then the receiver can say that it is a garbled message.
8.What is HTML and explain why it is important
HTML is a markup language which is used to structure text as well as multimedia documents and it is also used to set up hypertext links between documents. It is used a lot on the Web.
HTML is important because it is literally the "backbone" of a web design and every webpage has an HTML. It defines the structure and layout of a 'Web document' . This is done by using a number of tags and attributes.

How did the internet originate

How did the internet originate?



Who were the people most responsible for creating it?
* 1962,Rand Paul Baran, of the RAND corporation- Proposal of a packet-switched network.
* 1969,BBN constructed physical network
* 1972,Ray Tomlinson of BBN- created first email program
* 1973,Vincton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA( head of group) who developed a new protocol which would allow diverse computer networks to 'interconnect' and 'communicate' with each other. 1974, used the term Internet for the first time.
* 1976, Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe developed Ethernet.
* 1979, -Steve Bellovin, graduate student at University of North Carolina
-Programmers Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis created USENET (decentralized news group network).
* 1981, National Science Foundation created 'backbone' to CSNET.
* 1983, The University of Wisconsin created Domain Name System (DNS).
* 1986, Contractors for Darpa working on ARPANET, created, The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
* 1987, National Science Foundation, BITNET and CSNET came to together to form: Corporation for Research and Educational Networking( CREN).
* 1990, Tim Berners- Lee and CERN implements a hypertext system.
* 1991, NSF established a new newtork called The National Research and Education Network, (NREN).
* 1992, CERN released World- Wide Web.
* 1993, NSF, created InterNIC to ' provide specific Internet services'.
* 1993, Marc Andreessen, NCSA and the University of Illinois develops ' graphical user interface to the www, called " Mosaic for X"

What System immediately preceeded the internet
ARPANET

Activities!

(Relating to Mail Merging a Database to Create and Print Form Letters- Part 2 of Mail Merge Recipients)

(Relating to Mail Merging a Database to Create and Print Form Letters- Part 1 Of Mail Merge Recipients)

(Relating to Mail Merging a Database to Create and Print Form Letters- The letter used)

(Relating to inserting sound and image files into database- The Address Book Form)

(relating to inserting sound and image files into database- The Address Book Table)

( Relating to sound recording activity- Sample rate and Maximum frequency)

(Relating to sound recording activity- Recording sound)

(Relating to sound recording activity- Properties, choosing which quality)

(relating to bits and bytes activity)

(relating to Bits and Bytes activity).

(Relating to Data Types activity- Table)
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The current term 1 activities will be uploaded:
-Data types (4)
-Bits and Bytes (6)
-Sound Recording/ Practical Activity (7)
-Inserting Sound and image files into a database (8)
-Mail Merging a Database to Create and Print Form Letters (14)

Data Types
This activity was simply understanding what each field means. In order to this, I had to go to the help section of Micrsoft Access and type in "Data types available in Access" and all the information was there. In my table i had three fields, the data type, the description of that DT and the storage size of each. I then summarized the information. Done!

Bits and Bytes
This activity is useful in understanding about what and how bits and bytes work.
1. DIGIT
A Digit is a "single space" which is able to hold numerical number which are between 0 to 9. In order for larger numbers to be formed, digits are combined together in a pack. As learnt in Maths, each digit in a whole number has its own place where it stands in terms of the 1's, tens, hundreds,thousands, ten thousands, hundredths, thousandths etc....So to further understand, E.G. 4,325
5- 1
2- 10
3- 100
4- 1000
And so further space it out it could be written like this
(4+1000)+ (3+100)+ (2+10)+ (5+1)= 4000+300+20+5= 4,325
Four Thousand, three hundred and twenty five, simple!!
2. BASE 10
Base 10 or also referred to as denary, is a decimal, numeral system ( Base 10 system) which has 10 as its base. With ten being the base, there is a little number on the top, which is commonly referred to 10 to " the power of (insert number)." So for example:
10 to the power of 2 (10 squared)Or....
10 to the power of 3 (10 cubed) ETC..In the following table the base 10 system can be seen.
-The Base 2 System, also known as the 'binary system". Computers operate using this system.
- There are a number of "base- anything systems"
3. WHERE DOES THE WORK BIT ORIGINATE FROM?
The word bit is short from for: Binary Digit. It takes a "logical value" of either 1 or 0. Binary digits are units of information storage as well as communication in "digital computing" and "digital information theory"(branch of maths and engineering).
The bit is also a unit of measurement, its simply the information capacity of one binary digit. To identify it the symbol is: bit or b!
This word was first used by Claude e. Shannon in his 1948 paper: The Mathematical Theory of Communication.
4. Examine this table:
a) You can write 4,321 as
(4*1000)+(3*100)+(2*10)+(1*1)= 4000+300+20+1
5. Examine this table:
Binary Base (2)
a)21
(1*16)+(1*4)+(1*1)= 21(base 2)
b)24
(1*16)+(1*4)+(1*4)= 24(base 2)
c)30
(1*16)+(1*4)+(1*4)+(1*4)+(1*2)= 30(base 2)
6. WHAT IS A BYTE?
- Bits form bytes.
Since a bit is never alone in a computer, it is a sequence of 8 bits which are processed as one unit of information.
7. HOW MANY BYTES IN A KILO, MEGA, GIGA AND TERA BYTES?
Kilo- 1024 bytes (2*10).
Mega- 1,048,576 bytes (2*20).
Giga-1,073,741,824 bytes (2*30).
Tera- 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (2*40).

Sound Recording, Practical Activity
In this activity, I used the sound recording tool in programs>accessories& entertainment. With my microphone, I recorded my voice three times. The first time ( by going to properties and convert now option) I picked the telephone quality, recorded and saved. I did the same for the radio and CD quality.
Here is the sampling rate and bit size for each:
Telephone-11.025kHz, 16bit
Radio-22.050kHz, 16bit
CD-44.100kHz, 16bit
Definitions
Sampling Rate-It determines the sound frequency(corresponding to pitch),which is able to be represented in the digital waveform.
Sample size- The sample size of of a statistical sample is the number of observations that constitutes it. Denoted by: n(+number).In short its just the size of the sample.
How does the sampling rate(kHz) and the sample size(bits) affect the quality of the recording?
The sample rate affects the quality of the recording by:
To remember:- Different sample rates determine different frequencies
So for the lowest sample rate (11kHZ- telephone)-gives out very poor sound quality. Next the Radio sample rate of 22 kHz, the quality is 'significantly' affected. (The higher frequency information missing).
For the CD sample rate of 44kHz, there is not that much quality loss.
So overall the higher the sample rate the better quality you get of that recording.
The sample size affects the quality of the recording by: 8 bit can be good for recording low and medium quality but not high quality.
16, 24 and 32 bit gives out high quality of audio.
So once again the higher the bit the higher quality, but the a lot more work of recording( E.G. 32 bit takes more work recording as compared to 16bits.)

Inserting Sound and image files into a database
My address book that I had made before, I now have a field called voice message and photos. So recorded 10 voice messages for each person( using the sound recorder), just saying their name and there are 12 pictures for each person as well as. Then I made a form, which shows the picture as well as the the other details, including a little icon for the voice message.
*A problem which occurred while I was putting inserting the picture in the field, was that it wouldn't load, so what I did was went to paint, opened the saved picture, saved it as a 24bitmap image and it luckily worked!

Mail Merging a Database to Create and Print Form Letters
In this activity, using the Mail merging step by step wizard in Microsoft Word 2007, I successfully mail merged a letter. The recipients which I used were from my address book(database). Just the company name, email address and work phone I had to make up!

Assignment-Part D

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Hi Journal,
BIG, BIG, BIG Problem had occurred while I was making my buttons.
Okay.... On Friday I had finished everything and just had to make my buttons and decorate. Our assignment was extended to being due on Monday. So I went home and tried to make my buttons. I was doing this on Access 2007. It was so different from 2003(obviously) and a little complicated but it was easy making a button but it didn't work at all. I was getting worried, it was due Monday, what was i going to do???? I tried going on Microsoft's website to download the 2003 version but they didn't have any at all. They weren't giving any 60 day trials obviously because it was an old version. So I kept trying and trying, still didn't work. I also couldn' t add any music on, but my buttons were more important. So I decided to finish off Part A : The Word Document. I saved the database on my USB and made sure to pick the option: that the default format would be 2000-2003 Access.
Now today, Monday the 6th I tried it at school, on Access 2003, but still it wouldn't work. I also discovered that to make a button, instead of picking the Miscellaneous option then query, I had to pick form operations and then open form. So it wouldn't work still, unfortunately I was stuck, so I went to my teacher, told him my situation and I told him I would try again at home and Yeah I have to upload as soon as possible. I already uploaded Part A onto the W drive.
Now for the good part, I have found a solution, what I did was make a *Macro and attached a form to it then I made my Button, clicked on properties and then events and formatted it to that specific macro and IT WORKED YAY!
So I am done everything, its all good my music has been added as well, my main form, queries, forms , tables everything... I have finished!!!!!!!!!
Took hard work and in the end it was great:)
Sanea.

* Information on a MACRO-
A Macro is a rule or pattern that specifies how a particular input sequence should be mapped to an output sequence, this being according to a defined procedure.(Specific definition).
The mapping process is known as :-macro expansion
In short it is basically a set of computer instructions that are able to be recorded and associated with a shortcut key combination or macro name. When the shortcut key combination or macro name is clicked, the computer(program) then carries out the specific instructions to the macro. Using the macro function also saves time by instead of using, a frequent, lengthy series of actions just use a shorter action.
With Microsoft Access 2007, the use of the macro enabled me to make one macro for each of my queries and then this was linked to my buttons.
So overall using a macro in this assignment, didn't only solve my problem of making a button but I also learnt about what macros are, what they do and how effective they are!

Assignment- Part C

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Hi Journal,
Creating the forms were quite straightforward, since the were linked with the queries. So for each query there was a form.
Something which needed more work, was that when I typed in, for example an artist name, the form would come out, but the actual album cover would look either:
-squashed
OR
-only half was appearing
So I had to just had to rearrange the the headings(when in design view) , made the picture space, bigger and spaced out and it worked, the album art came out perfectly fine.

Assignment- Part B

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Hi Journal,
Query time,
At first, I thought we had to make just 1 query and so I included All the four things, song, artist, album, genre, but instead of coming separately they would come all together on after another, and also what I put in the 'criteria box', wasn't exactly right. Then I remembered the activity I had done on Parameter query and did it all over again. The steps I took was that I clicked on making a query and then when it opened , I clicked all the fields needed and under that particular field which was going to be my main query I typed in:
LIKE "*" & [Enter any character to search by: ] & "*"
Then saved it and there my first query was done. So step by step I did this for Song, artist, album and genre and I finished!
Sanea.

Assingnment- Part A completed

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Hi Journal,
This is my current table, with 9 fields and data types.
-Artist
-Song
-Album
-Album Cover
-Genre
-Duration
-Year
-Price
-Sample of music
* I have 10 records.
A problem I encountered was that while I was pasting my Album art under the "Album Cover" field, instead of the actual picture coming, only the name of the album would come in large letters. I tried it with the other pictures, and only 1 worked. I realized this was because of the particular format of the picture, so I tried converting each picture, but that didn't work, so I decided to go online Google and search the album covers again and save them. This time I also made sure that each picture was 400 times 400! It did work fortunately!

The Summary

Hi Journal,
Here is the summary of the different aspects of the assignment(given by our teacher):

A) Table

-Fields

-Types

B)

-Query

1. Song Title

2. Artist

3. Album

4. Genre

(Parameter)

B) Create one form for each query

C) Main Menu Forms

D) Buttons on M.M

Load Forms

Tools Startup Display Formal page- main menu, OK

Make main page bigger.

Save

DONEEEEEEEEEEE!

So as I go through

So as I go through my assignment, I will be ticking each section.
Sanea